Chapter 24 & 25

Geometrical Optics &
Physical Optics

Lenses

Lens – A lens is an object that uses refraction to bend light and form images.

Aspherical Surfaces – optical elements having at least one curved surface that's not spherical.

One wavefront is transformed into another provided the paths along which the energy propagates are all equivalent, thereby maintaining the phase of the wavefront.

Hyperboloidal Surfaces

Foci of a hyperbolic surface

Different types of hyperbolic lenses:

Diverging spherical waves are made into plane waves.

Converging lens

Concave lens

On to Spherical Thin Lenses